Published · Array, 2026
I-NAV for vehicles
This model estimates where a car went. It uses three inputs. The first is the set of places the car could reach. The second is how long it drove. The third is the direction it took.
A direction-limited Dijkstra search lists the paths that fit the time budget. A Gaussian likelihood model handles error in the report. I tuned seven parameters with Bayesian optimization. The tests used real GeoLife trajectories on OpenStreetMap road networks.
- Intersection over union
- 79.5%
- Likelihood precision
- 0.702
- True destination kept in region
- 94 of 94 trials
- Baselines outperformed
- Routing, KDE, particle filter
- 1
Map and trips
Roads plus recorded drives.
- 2
Travel time
Cost per road segment.
- 3
Reachable area
Where the car could arrive.
- 4
Likelihood
Time and direction weighted.
- 5
Ranked map
Candidate locations in order.
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A 19 minute test trip. The left map uses time alone. The right map adds a southwest bearing. The green dot is the start and the red dot is the true end.